Heparin is a medication used to prevent and treat blood clots by acting as an anticoagulant, meaning it slows down the body’s blood-clotting process. It is commonly given in hospitals to patients at risk of conditions like deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, or during surgeries and dialysis. Heparin works by enhancing the activity of a natural substance in the body that inhibits clotting factors, especially thrombin, thereby reducing the formation of clots. It is usually administered by injection rather than taken orally, and its effects need to be carefully monitored to avoid excessive bleeding.

Ozone gas (O₃) is a special form of oxygen made up of three oxygen atoms instead of the usual two. It is a pale blue gas with a sharp, strong smell, often noticed after thunderstorms. Ozone exists in two main parts of the atmosphere: in the upper layer (stratosphere), it forms the ozone layer, which protects life on Earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun; however, at ground level (troposphere), it acts as a pollutant that can harm human health, causing breathing issues and eye irritation, and can also damage plants. Ozone is formed when oxygen molecules are split by ultraviolet light or electrical energy, and the free oxygen atoms combine with other oxygen molecules. It is also used in water purification, air cleaning, and bleaching processes due to its strong oxidizing properties.